AP Statistics Tutorial: Attributes of Random Variables
Just like
variables
from a data set,
random variables are described by measures of central
tendency (i.e., mean and median) and measures of
variability (i.e., standard deviation and variance).
This lesson shows how to compute these measures for
discrete random variables.
Mean of a Discrete Random Variable
The mean of the discrete random variable X is also called the
expected value of X. Notationally, the expected
value of X is denoted by E(X).
Use the following formula to compute the mean of a discrete
random variable.
E(X) = μx = Σ [ xi * P(xi) ]
where xi is the value of the random variable for outcome
i, μx is the mean of random variable X,
and P(xi) is the probability that the random variable
will be outcome i.
Example 1
In a recent little league softball game, each player went to bat 4 times.
The number of hits made by each player is described by the
following probability distribution.
|
Number of hits, x
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
Probability, P(x) |
0.10 |
0.20 |
0.30 |
0.25 |
0.15 |
What is the mean of the probability distribution?
(A) 1.00
(B) 1.75
(C) 2.00
(D) 2.25
(E) None of the above.
Solution
The correct answer is E. The mean of the probability distribution
is 2.15, as defined by the following equation.
E(X) = Σ [ xi * P(xi) ]
E(X) = 0*0.10 + 1*0.20 + 2*0.30 + 3*0.25 + 4*0.15 = 2.15
Median of a Discrete Random Variable
The median of a discrete random variable is the "middle" value. It is the
value of X for
which P(X < x) is greater than or equal to 0.5 and
P(X > x) is greater than or equal to 0.5.
Consider the problem presented above in Example 1. In Example 1, the
median is 2; because P(X < 2) is equal to 0.60, and
P(X > 2) is equal to 0.70. The computations are
shown below.
P(X < 2) = P(x=0) + P(x=1) + P(x=2) = 0.10 + 0.20 + 0.30 = 0.60
P(X > 2) = P(x=2) + P(x=3) + P(x=4) = 0.30 + 0.25 + 0.15 = 0.70
Variability of a Discrete Random Variable
The standard deviation of a discrete random variable
(σ) is equal to
the square root of the variance of a discrete random variable
(σ2).
The equation for computing the variance of a discrete random
variable is shown below.
σ2 = Σ { [ xi - E(x) ]2 * P(xi) }
where xi is the value of the random variable for outcome
i, P(xi) is the probability that the random variable
will be outcome i, E(x) is the expected value of the
discrete random variable x.
Example 2
The number of adults living in homes on a randomly selected
city block is described by the following probability
distribution.
|
Number of adults, x
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
Probability, P(x) |
0.25 |
0.50 |
0.15 |
0.10 |
What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
(A) 0.50
(B) 0.62
(C) 0.79
(D) 0.89
(E) 2.10
Solution
The correct answer is D. The solution has three parts. First, find
the expected value; then, find the variance; then, find the
standard deviation. Computations are shown below, beginning with
the expected value.
E(X) = Σ [ xi * P(xi) ]
E(X) = 1*0.25 + 2*0.50 + 3*0.15 + 4*0.10 = 2.10
Now that we know the expected value, we find the variance.
σ2 = Σ { [ xi - E(x) ]2 * P(xi) }
σ2 = (1 - 2.1)2 * 0.25 +
(2 - 2.1)2 * 0.50 +
(3 - 2.1)2 * 0.15 +
(4 - 2.1)2 * 0.10
σ2 = (1.21 * 0.25) +
(0.01 * 0.50) +
(0.81) * 0.15) +
(3.61 * 0.10) = 0.3025 + 0.0050 + 0.1215 + 0.3610 = 0.79
And finally, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of
the variance; so the standard deviation is sqrt(0.79) or 0.889.
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